Critical Analysis of Back Pain as a Medical Problem Essays

Abstract Back pain is considered as one of the most common medical problems in America. Various literature and research findings reveal that, out of ten Americans, at least eight will experience back pain at some point in their life. This paper critically analyzes back pain as a medical problem, highlighting its traditional and alternative medical options. Various credible sources of information are critically analyzed herein, in an endeavor to develop the skills of rational evaluation of the medical information. Introduction Back pain ranges from a dull ache to a sudden sharp pain that makes movement not easy. It starts quickly as a result of muscle strain and gets worse slowly. However, most back pains heal quickly in a matter of weeks or months. Back pain can either be acute or chronic. Acute pain starts quickly and lasts for less than 6 weeks, while chronic pain lasts for more than twelve weeks (three months) and is less common. Human back is comprised of several complex structures of muscles, tendons, ligaments, disks and bones. A problem with any of the components can lead to back pain. The most common causes of back pain are strain and structural problems. Â  Strain results from muscle spasm, strained muscles and ligaments, abrupt and awkward movement, lifting a heavy object, or improperly lifting something. Structural problems include ruptured disks, bulging disks, sciatica, and abnormal curvature of the spine, arthritis, and osteoporosis. Other causes include infection of the spine, cauda equina syndrome, bad mattress, and everyday activities and/or poor posture. In most cases, diagnosis includes physical examination and interview. However, image scans are required in some rare cases. Tests may be ordered if the pain is suspected to arise from an injury to the back or an underlying cause. The image scans include X-rays, MRI or CT scans, bone scan, and electromyography or EMG. These scans are conducted for suspected disk, tendon, nerve, and other problems. Traditional methods of diagnosis, which are still applied to date, include visual inspection, touching, slow and rhythmic stretching or mobilization, manipulation of muscles and joints, and pressure or indirect techniques. Treatment Two approaches are used in the treatment of back pain: the traditional (physical) approach, and the medical approach. Described herein is a critical evaluation of the approaches, the advantages and disadvantages of each, and a conclusion on the best approach. Traditional treatment The traditional approaches used in treating back pain are physical therapy and massage therapy. Physical therapy begins with the diagnosis or an evaluation of the situation through touching, visual inspection, stretching, manipulation of muscles and joints, and pressure or indirect techniques. The treatment includes application of heat, ice, muscle-release techniques, and ultrasound and electrical stimulation, to the back muscles and soft tissues. As the pain subsides, some strengthening and flexibility exercises may be introduced for the back muscles. It also includes the techniques that improve the posture, and the patient is encouraged to regularly practice these techniques even after the pain has stopped in order to prevent its reoccurrence. A manual physical therapy principally employs the use of hand, is more thorough, and focuses on the body as a whole unit. A modern popular physical therapy is the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) which uses the TENS machine. The machine delivers electric pulses into the body, which consequently encourages the body to produce more endorphins. However, this approach is not appropriate for those with epilepsy, pregnant women, people with history of heart diseases, and those with a pacemaker. Physical therapy, however, does not show the root cause of the pain, even if a comprehensive evaluation is carried out. The pain can therefore be reduced, but the root cause is rarely addressed. Massage therapy is commonly used and can greatly work for most patients, if done correctly (Mueller 2002; Palkhivala 2001). However, it is not a substitute for medication. A variety of techniques are used during the massage session such as stretching and energy techniques. Various benefits are associated with massage. It improves blood circulation, which consequently helps in the recovery of muscle soreness. It also helps in relaxing muscles, and leads to increases the levels of endorphin. Endorphins are the body’s chemicals that manage chronic pain. Generally, massage decreases back pain, decreases depression, and improves a range of motion for various joints. It also improves sleep. By improving blood circulation, massage helps in removing inflammation and causes great relaxation and relief. Massage sessions are conducted on a one-on-one basis, giving the victim an opportunity to converse with the specialist (therapist). Though very helpful as it seems, the scope of massage is limited and cannot address the problems of back pain fully. Just as the physical therapy, it does not identify or address the root cause of the pain. In most cases, back pain results from physical conditions, which require physical solutions. Postural dysfunctions and muscle imbalances cannot be identified by this approach. Besides, massaging does not give room for the development of very specific, targeted action plans to correct back pain and restore the harmony of the body. The Medical Treatment In most cases, the treatment of back pain does not involve medical help. Pain is mostly reduced by over-the-counter painkillers, without any prescription. If the pain does not respond to the painkillers, then non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), muscle relaxants, tricyclic anti-depressants, and narcotics, may be prescribed. The truth of the matter, however, is that these medications do not identify or solve the underlying problems (root causes). Besides, their side effects are worse. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as Advil, Naprosyn, Motrin, Aleve and aspirin are most likely to cause drug interaction problems with the blood pressure medication. This may consequently result in blood clots, heat attacks and ear ringing. Muscle relaxants such as Soma, Valium and Flexeril are habit forming and can interfere with antidepressants. The side effects are depression, insomnia, irregular heart beat, paralysis, hallucinations, and chest pain. The side effects of tricyclic anti-depressants, such as Norpramin, Elavil and Endep, are blurred vision, chest pain, insomnia, pounding heartbeat, and allucinations. Narcotics such as Oxycodone, Codeine, Morphine and Hydrocodone are habitual and interact with tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, and other types of pain relievers. The side effects are drowsiness, fainti ng, loss of appetite, hallucinations, slow heartbeat, convulsions and dry mouth. Based on the side effects of these drugs and the fact that they do not identify the underlying problems or the root causes of back pain, I find it difficult to recommend them, and highly doubt if desired long-term results can be achieved. In some rare cases, surgery can be conducted. Various surgical procedures can be adopted. They include fusion, artificial disk, partially removing a vertebra, and discectomy. Conclusion Various approaches, such as the modern medication and the traditional methods, can be used in treating back pain. However, none of these treatments identify and address the underlying issues. Besides, they have limitations and side effects. Medication, as seen herein, is not the best way of dealing with back pain. Also, the modern medicine is based on the traditional approach. Both the approaches confront the body system with some competitive forces, which in turn, make the body to change. In simple terms, change is forced in the body. The traditional approach does not perfectly work as well due to its failure to identify the root causes of the problem. Medications have side effects coupled with drug interactions. Physical therapy and exercise add stress to the already over-stressed joints and muscles, while surgery may lead to other problems in the long run. Therefore, to effectively deal with the back pain, one needs to identify the cause and design perfect ways of handling it, rather than just handling the symptoms. A safe, drug-free approach is the best option. Massage therapy has been seen to be effective, though with limitations. If postural dysfunctions and muscle imbalances can be identified and massage applied, great results can be seen. Finally, specific target action plan should be identified to correct the pain and restore body harmony. Works Cited CAS, 2003. Chronic Back Pain. Center on an Aging Society, No. 8. Web. 13 April 2012. http://ihcrp.georgetown.edu/agingsociety/pdfs/backpain.pdf EUROPEAN GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE NONSPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN IN PRIMARY CARE. Web. 13 April 2012. http://www.backpaineurope.org/web/files/WG1_Guidelines.pdf EUROPEAN GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC NON-SPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN. Web. 13 April 2012. http://www.backpaineurope.org/web/files/WG2_Guidelines.pdf Mayo Clinic staff, 2010. Back Pain. Web. 13 April 2012. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/back-pain/DS00171 MNT, 2009. What Is Back Pain? What Causes Back Pain? Medical News Today. Web. 13 April 2012. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172943.php Mueller, B., 2002. Massage Therapy for Lower Back Pain. Spine-Health. Web. 14 April 2012. http://www.spine-health.com/wellness/massage-therapy/massage-therapy-lower-back-pain Palkhivala, A., 2001. Massage May Be Best Approach for Back Pain. The WebMD. Web. 14 April 2012. http://www.webmd.com/back-pain/news/20010531/massage-may-be-best-approach-for-back-pain Savigny P, et al., 2009. Low Back Pain: early management of persistent non-specific low back pain. London: National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care and Royal College of General Practitioners. Web. 13 April 2012. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11887/44334/44334.pdf Shiel, W.C., 2012. Low Back Pain. emedicine heath. Web. 13 April 2012. http://www.emedicinehealth.com/back_pain/article_em.htm

The Kite Runner By Khaled Amir Essay - 1398 Words

The Kite Runner is a wonderfully written novel narrating the story of a young boy named Amir. Amir lives in the country of Afghanistan is the time period of about the 1970’s. Amir is also the son of a wealthy businessman who is considered a â€Å"man’s man†, his father was revered for his triumphs and legendary like acts; a major event in his life was when he supposedly wrestled a bear. â€Å"Lore has it my father once wrestled a black bear in Baluchistan with his bare hands. If the story had been about anyone else, it would have been dismissed as laaf, that Afghan tendency to exaggerate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Hosseini 12) Baba, as that is what Amir calls him, is very set in his ways and believes a man should act in certain ways. Unfortunately for Baba, Amir is not the manliest person. Amir does not live up to Baba’s expectations for him and he constantly disappoints him. 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The Time Machine Essay Research Paper Chapter free essay sample

The Time Machine Essay, Research Paper Chapter I. The Time Machine The Time Traveller ( for so it will be convenient to talk of him ) was elaborating a abstruse affair to us. His gray eyes shone and twinkled, and his normally pale face was flushed and animated. The fire burned brilliantly, and the soft glow of the candent visible radiations in the lilies of Ag caught the bubbles that flashed and passed in our spectacless. Our chairs, being his patents, embraced and caressed us instead than submitted to be sat upon, and at that place was that epicurean after-dinner ambiance when idea roams gracefully free of the trammels of preciseness. And he put it to us in this manner # 8211 ; taging the points with a thin index # 8211 ; as we sat and lazily admired his seriousness over this new paradox ( as we thought it: ) and his fruitfulness. `You must follow me carefully. I shall hold to oppose one or two thoughts that are about universally accepted. The geometry, for case, they taught you at school is founded on a misconception. # 8217 ; `Is non that instead a big thing to anticipate us to get down upon? # 8217 ; said Filby, an argumentative individual with ruddy hair. `I do non intend to inquire you to accept anything without sensible land for it. You will shortly acknowledge every bit much as I need from you. You know of class that a mathematical line, a line of thickness NIL, has no existent being. They taught you that? Neither has a mathematical plane. These things are mere abstractions. # 8217 ; `That is all right, # 8217 ; said the Psychologist. `Nor, holding merely length, comprehensiveness, and thickness, can a regular hexahedron have a existent existence. # 8217 ; `There I object, # 8217 ; said Filby. `Of class a solid organic structure may be. All existent things # 8211 ; # 8217 ; `So most people think. But wait a minute. Can an INSTANTANEOUS regular hexahedron exist? # 8217 ; `Don # 8217 ; t follow you, # 8217 ; said Filby. `Can a regular hexahedron that does non last for any clip at all, have a existent being? # 8217 ; Filby became brooding. `Clearly, # 8217 ; the Time Traveller proceeded, `any existent organic structure must hold extension in FOUR waies: it must hold Length, Breadth, Thickness, and # 8211 ; Duration. But through a natural frailty of the flesh, which I will explicate to you in a minute, we incline to overlook this fact. There are truly four dimensions, three which we call the three planes of Space, and a 4th, Time. There is, nevertheless, a inclination to pull an unreal differentiation between the former three dimensions and the latter, because it happens that our consciousness moves intermittently in one way along the latter from the beginning to the terminal of our lives. # 8217 ; `That, # 8217 ; said a really immature adult male, doing convulsive attempts to relight his cigar over the lamp ; `that. . . really clear indeed. # 8217 ; `Now, it is really singular that this is so extensively overlooked, # 8217 ; continued the Time Traveller, with a little accession of sunniness. `Really this is what is meant by the Fourth Dimension, though some people who talk about the Fourth Dimension do non cognize they mean it. It is merely another manner of looking at Time. THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TIME AND ANY OF THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF SPACE EXCEPT THAT OUR CONSCIOUSNESS MOVES ALONG IT. But some foolish people have got clasp of the incorrect side of that thought. You have all heard what they have to state about this Fourth Dimension? # 8217 ; `_I_ have non, # 8217 ; said the Provincial Mayor. `It is merely this. That Space, as our mathematicians have it, is spoken of as holding three dimensions, which one may name Length, Breadth, and Thickness, and is ever definable by mention to three planes, each at right angles to the others. But some philosophical people have been inquiring why THREE dimensions peculiarly # 8211 ; why non another way at right angles to the other three? # 8211 ; and hold even tried to build a Four-Dimension geometry. Professor Simon Newcomb was elaborating this to the New York Mathematical Society merely a month or so ago. You know how on a level surface, which has merely two dimensions, we can stand for a figure of a 3-dimensional solid, and likewise they think that by theoretical accounts of thee dimensions they could stand for one of four # 8211 ; if they could get the hang the position of the thing. See? # 8217 ; `I think so, # 8217 ; murmured the Provincial Mayor ; and, knitting his foreheads, he lapsed into an introverted province, his lips traveling as one who repeats mysterious words. `Yes, I think I see it now, # 8217 ; he said after some clip, lighten uping in a quite ephemeral mode. `Well, I do non mind stating you I have been at work upon this geometry of Four Dimensions for some clip. Some of my consequences are funny. For case, here is a portrayal of a adult male at eight old ages old, another at 15, another at 17, another at 23, and so on. All these are obviously subdivisions, as it were, Three-dimensional representations of his Four-Dimensioned being, which is a fixed and inalterable thing. `Scientific people, # 8217 ; proceeded the Time Traveller, after the intermission required for the proper assimilation of this, `know really good that Time is merely a sort of Space. Here is a popular scientific diagram, a conditions record. This line I trace with my finger shows the motion of the barometer. Yesterday it was so high, yesterday dark it fell, so this forenoon it rose once more, and so gently upward to here. Surely the quicksilver did non follow this line in any of the dimensions of Space by and large recognized? But surely it traced such a line, and that line, hence, we must reason was along the Time-Dimension. # 8217 ; `But, # 8217 ; said the Medical Man, gazing hard at a coal in the fire, `if Time is truly merely a 4th dimension of Space, why is it, and why has it ever been, regarded as something different? And why can non we move in Time as we move about in the other dimensions of Space? # 8217 ; The Time Traveller smiled. `Are you certain we can travel freely in Space? Right and left we can travel, rearward and frontward freely adequate, and work forces ever have done so. I admit we move freely in two dimensions. But how about up and down? Gravitation limits us there. # 8217 ; `Not precisely, # 8217 ; said the Medical Man. `There are balloons. # 8217 ; `But before the balloons, save for convulsive jumping and the inequalities of the surface, adult male had no freedom of perpendicular movement. # 8217 ; `Still they could travel a small up and down, # 8217 ; said the Medical Man. `Easier, far easier down than up. # 8217 ; `And you can non travel at all in Time, you can non acquire off from the present moment. # 8217 ; `My beloved sir, that is merely where you are incorrect. That is merely where the whole universe has gone incorrect. We are ever acquiring off from the present motion. Our mental beings, which are immaterial and have no dimensions, are go throughing along the Time-Dimension with a unvarying speed from the cradle to the grave. Merely as we should go DOWN if we began our being 50 stat mis above the Earth # 8217 ; s surface. # 8217 ; `But the great trouble is this, # 8217 ; interrupted the Psychologist. `You CAN move approximately in all waies of Space, but you can non travel approximately in Time. # 8217 ; `That is the source of my great find. But you are incorrect to state that we can non travel about in Time. For case, if I am remembering an incident really vividly I go back to the blink of an eye of its happening: I become absent-minded, as you say. I jump back for a minute. Of class we have no agencies of remaining back for any length of Time, any more than a barbarian or an animate being has of remaining six pess above the land. But a civilised adult male is better off than the barbarian in this regard. He can travel up against gravity in a balloon, and why should he non trust that finally he may be able to halt or speed up his impetus along the Time-Dimension, or even turn approximately and go the other manner? # 8217 ; `Oh, THIS, # 8217 ; began Filby, `is all # 8211 ; # 8217 ; `Why non? # 8217 ; said the Time Traveller. `It # 8217 ; s against ground, # 8217 ; said Filby. `What ground? # 8217 ; said the Time Traveller. `You can demo black is white by statement, # 8217 ; said Filby, `but you will neer convert me. # 8217 ; `Possibly non, # 8217 ; said the Time Traveller. `But now you begin to see the object of my probes into the geometry of Four Dimensions. Long ago I had a obscure intimation of a machine # 8211 ; # 8217 ; `To travel through Time! # 8217 ; exclaimed the Very Young Man. `That shall go indifferently in any way of Space and Time, as the driver determines. # 8217 ; Filby contented himself with laughter. `But I have experimental confirmation, # 8217 ; said the Time Traveller. `It would be unusually convenient for the historiographer, # 8217 ; the Psychologist suggested. `One might go back and verify the recognized history of the Battle of Hastings, for case! # 8217 ; `Don # 8217 ; t you think you would pull attending? # 8217 ; said the Medical Man. `Our ascendants had no great tolerance for anachronisms. # 8217 ; `One might acquire one # 8217 ; s Greek from the really lips of Homer and Plato, # 8217 ; the Very Young Man thought. `In which instance they would c ertainly plough you for the Little-go. The German bookmans have improved Greek so much.’ `Then there is the hereafter, # 8217 ; said the Very Young Man. `Just think! One might put all one # 8217 ; s money, leave it to roll up at involvement, and haste on in front! # 8217 ; `To discover a society, # 8217 ; said I, `erected on a purely communistic basis. # 8217 ; `Of all the wild excessive theories! # 8217 ; began the Psychologist. `Yes, so it seemed to me, and so I neer talked of it until # 8211 ; # 8217 ; `Experimental confirmation! # 8217 ; cried I. `You are traveling to verify THAT? # 8217 ; `The experiment! # 8217 ; cried Filby, who was acquiring brain-weary. `Let # 8217 ; s see your experiment anyhow, # 8217 ; said the Psychologist, `though it # 8217 ; s all baloney, you know. # 8217 ; The Time Traveller smiled unit of ammunition at us. Then, still smiling faintly, and with his custodies deep in his pants pockets, he walked easy out of the room, and we heard his slippers scuffling down the long transition to his research lab. The Psychologist looked at us. `I inquire what he # 8217 ; s got? # 8217 ; `Some sleight-of-hand fast one or other, # 8217 ; said the Medical Man, and Filby tried to state us about a magician he had seen at Burslem ; but before he had finished his foreword the Time Traveller came back, and Filby # 8217 ; s anecdote collapsed. The thing the Time Traveller held in his manus was a glistening metallic model, barely larger than a little clock, and really finely made. There was tusk in it, and some crystalline crystalline substance. And now I must be expressed, for this that follows # 8211 ; unless his account is to be accepted # 8211 ; is an perfectly unexplainable thing. He took one of the little octangular tabular arraies that were scattered about the room, and set it in forepart of the fire, with two legs on the hearthrug. On this tabular array he placed the mechanism. Then he drew up a chair, and sat down. The merely other object on the tabular array was a little shaded lamp, the bright visible radiation of which fell upon the theoretical account. There were besides possibly a twelve tapers about, two in brass candle holders upon the mantle and several in sconces, so that the room was brightly illuminated. I sat in a low arm-chair nearest the fire, and I drew this frontward so as to be about between the Time Traveller and the hearth. Filby sat behind him, looking over his shoulder. The Medical Man and the Provincial Mayor watched him in profile from the right, the Psychologist from the left. The Very Young Man stood behind the Psychologist. We were all on the qui vive. It appears unbelievable to me that any sort of fast one, nevertheless subtly conceived and nevertheless adroitly done, could hold been played upon us under these conditions. The Time Traveller looked at us, and so at the mechanism. `Well? # 8217 ; said the Psychologist. `This small matter, # 8217 ; said the Time Traveller, resting his cubituss upon the tabular array and pressing his custodies together above the setup, `is merely a theoretical account. It is my program for a machine to go through clip. You will detect that it looks singularly askew, and that there is an uneven blink of an eye visual aspect about this saloon, as though it was in some manner unreal. # 8217 ; He pointed to the portion with his finger. `Also, here is one small white lever, and here is another. # 8217 ; The Medical Man got up out of his chair and peered into the thing. `It # 8217 ; s attractively made, # 8217 ; he said. `It took two old ages to do, # 8217 ; retorted the Time Traveller. Then, when we had all imitated the action of the Medical Man, he said: `Now I want you clearly to understand that this lever, being pressed over, sends the machine gliding into the hereafter, and this other reverses the gesture. This saddle represents the place of a clip traveler. Soon I am traveling to press the lever, and off the machine will travel. It will disappear, base on balls into future Time, and disappear. Have a good expression at the thing. Look at the tabular array excessively, and satisfy yourselves there is no hocus-pocus. I don # 8217 ; t want to blow this theoretical account, and so be told I # 8217 ; m a quack. # 8217 ; There was a minute # 8217 ; s pause possibly. The Psychologist seemed about to talk to me, but changed his head. Then the Time Traveller put forth his finger towards the lever. `No, # 8217 ; he said all of a sudden. `Lend me your hand. # 8217 ; And turning to the Psychologist, he took that single # 8217 ; s manus in his ain and told him to set out his index. So that it was the Psychologist himself who sent Forth the theoretical account Time Machine on its endless ocean trip. We all saw the lever bend. I am perfectly certain there was no hocus-pocus. There was a breath of air current, and the lamp fire jumped. One of the tapers on the mantle was blown out, and the small machine all of a sudden swung unit of ammunition, became indistinct, was seen as a shade for a 2nd possibly, as an Eddy of faintly glistening brass and tusk ; and it was gone # 8211 ; vanished! Save for the lamp the tabular array was bare. Everyone was soundless for a minute. Then Filby said he was damned. The Psychologist recovered from his daze, and all of a sudden looked under the tabular array. At that the Time Traveller laughed cheerfully. `Well? # 8217 ; he said, with a reminiscence of the Psychologist. Then, acquiring up, he went to the baccy jar on the mantle, and with his dorsum to us began to make full his pipe. We stared at each other. `Look here, # 8217 ; said the Medical Man, `are you in earnest about this? Do you earnestly believe that that machine has travelled into clip? # 8217 ; `Certainly, # 8217 ; said the Time Traveller, crouching to illume a spill at the fire. Then he turned, illuming his pipe, to look at the Psychologist # 8217 ; s face. ( The Psychologist, to demo that he was non brainsick, helped himself to a cigar and tried to illume it untrimmed. ) `What is more, I have a large machine about finished in there # 8217 ; # 8211 ; he indicated the research lab # 8211 ; `and when that is put together I mean to hold a journey on my ain account. # 8217 ; `You mean to state that that machine has travelled into the hereafter? # 8217 ; said Filby. `Into the hereafter or the past # 8211 ; I don # 8217 ; T, for certain, cognize which. # 8217 ; After an interval the Psychologist had an inspiration. `It must hold gone into the past if it has gone anyplace, # 8217 ; he said. `Why? # 8217 ; said the Time Traveller. `Because I presume that it has non moved in infinite, and if it travelled into the hereafter it would still be here all this clip, since it must hold travelled through this time. # 8217 ; `But, # 8217 ; I said, `If it travelled into the past it would hold been seeable when we came foremost into this room ; and last Thursday when we were here ; and the Thursday before that ; and so forth! # 8217 ; `Serious expostulations, # 8217 ; remarked the Provincial Mayor, with an air of nonpartisanship, turning towards the Time Traveller. `Not a spot, # 8217 ; said the Time Traveller, and, to the Psychologist: `You think. You can explicate that. It # 8217 ; s presentation below the threshold, you know, diluted presentation. # 8217 ; `Of class, # 8217 ; said the Psychologist, and reassured us. `That # 8217 ; s a simple point of psychological science. I should hold thought of it. It # 8217 ; s kick adequate, and helps the paradox delightfully. We can non see it, nor can we appreciate this machine, any more than we can the radius of a wheel spinning, or a slug winging through the air. If it is going through clip 50 times or a 100 times faster than we are, if it gets through a minute while we get through a 2nd, the feeling it creates will of class be lone one-fiftieth or one-hundredth of what it would do if it were non going in clip. That # 8217 ; s kick enough. # 8217 ; He passed his manus through the infinite in which the machine had been. `You see? # 8217 ; he said, express joying. We sat and stared at the vacant tabular array for a minute or so. Then the Time Traveller asked us what we thought of it all. `It sounds plausible plenty to-night, # 8217 ; said the Medical Man ; # 8216 ; but wait until to-morrow. Wait for the common sense of the morning. # 8217 ; `Would you wish to see the Time Machine itself? # 8217 ; asked the Time Traveller. And therewith, taking the lamp in his manus, he led the manner down the long, drafty corridor to his research lab. I remember vividly the flickering visible radiation, his fagot, wide caput in silhouette, the dance of the shadows, how we all followed him, puzzled but incredulous, and how at that place in the research lab we beheld a larger edition of the small mechanism which we had seen vanish from before our eyes. Partss were of Ni, parts of tusk, parts had surely been filed or sawn out of stone crystal. The thing was by and large complete, but the distorted crystalline bars lay unfinished upon the bench beside some sheets of drawings, and I took one up for a better expression at it. Quartz it seemed to be. `Look here, # 8217 ; said the Medical Man, `are you absolutely serious? Or is this a fast one # 8211 ; like that shade you showed us last Christmas? # 8217 ; `Upon that machine, # 8217 ; said the Time Traveller, keeping the lamp aloft, `I intend to research clip. Is that field? I was neer more serious in my life. # 8217 ; None of us rather knew how to take it. I caught Filby # 8217 ; s oculus over the shoulder of the Medical Man, and he winked at me solemnly.

Dickenss criticism of Gradgrinds Essay Example For Students

Dickenss criticism of Gradgrinds Essay Charles Dickens wrote his novel, Hard Times, in 1854 as a protest about the state of contemporary education and industrial working conditions. For many, life had become monotonous and repetitive. More and more workers felt that their labour was benefiting others, rather than themselves, and formed unions to protect themselves against employers. Children were treated as young, incomplete adults, who were little pitchers, to be filled with facts in the factory process of education. Behind this was the philosophy of Utilitarianism, in which society should strive for the greater good for the greater number and therefore economic prosperity triumphed over concern for the individual and the education system was focussed on churning out competent workers. Mr Gradgrinds adherence to this way of life is demonstrated through his model school and relationship with his family. Gradgrind sees the school as a factory churning out multiples of people who know the facts, and is only interested in the outcome of the pupils, not the individual process. He does not value his childrens upbringing or childhood, only that one day they will grow up into his ideal human being. Louisa, as Gradgrinds daughter, is part of his educational experiment to test his teaching methods. She is affected significantly by his philosophy and used by Dickens to ridicule and undermine it. Dickens first introduces us to Louisa in Chapter 3, A Loophole. In the chapter title alone, Dickens questions Gradgrinds teaching methods suggesting that there is a mistake beginning to emerge in it. From the beginning of the chapter, Gradgrinds view of the model school is clear, He intended every child in it to be a model - His view on his own children is also clear, just as the young Gradgrinds were all models There were five young Gradgrinds, and they were models every one. This makes it seem rather ironic when Gradgrind turns up at the circus, which he sees as a clashing and banging band attached to the horse-riding establishment, and walks past either brushing the noisy insects from his thoughts, or consigning them to the House of Correction, to find his own model children, Louisa and Tom who are watching the Tyrolean flower-act through a hole in the wall. The introduction of Louisa to the chapter confronts Gradgrind straight away. He sees the circus as a place for people with a much lower social context than himself and his family, to think of these vagabonds, and evidently thinks his children would never be seen there. Dickens uses a satirical tone to his ridicule of Gradgrind by saying Phenomenon almost incredible though distinctly seen, what did he then behold but his own metallurgical Louisaand his own mathematical Thomas.. when they are obviously not as metallurgical and mathematical as Gradgrind would like to think. Earlier in the chapter Dickens makes a pun, ..Peter Piper, who had never found his way into their nursery, If the greedy little Gradgrinds grasped at more than this, what was it for good gracious goodness sake that the greedy little Gradgrinds grasped at! Again using a satirical approach, to show that the Gradgrind children had been starved of a normal childhood and not been allowed to let their minds explore fiction. It is not surprising, then, that they have gone to the circus to feed their curiosity and imagination. Louisa and Thomas are rebelling against their fathers system showing that they are unhappy with their upbringing. The idea of their childhood being controlled is reiterated in chapter 15, Father and Daughter where Mr Gradgrind and Louisa are having a discussion concerning her potential marriage to Bounderby. Louisa asks her father, what do I know of tastes and fancies; of aspirations and affections; of all that part of my nature in which such light things might have been nourished?The baby preference that even I have heard of as common among children, has never had its innocent resting-place in my breast. You have been so careful of me, that I never had a childs heart. .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796 , .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796 .postImageUrl , .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796 , .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796:hover , .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796:visited , .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796:active { border:0!important; } .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796:active , .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796 .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u23b3f27bd3c6407e077e8f1488733796:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The History of Musical Theatre EssayYou trained me so well, that I never dreamed a childs dreamI never had a childs belief or a childs fear. Louisa here is talking about everything she would have loved to have in her childhood, yet couldnt because of her fathers beliefs. Gradgrind, on the other hand, sees this as the most complimentary praise he could be given, My dear Louisayou abundantly repay my care. Kiss me, my dear girl. and he feels his years of work have paid off, producing his model being. This is again Dickens using irony to criticize Gradgrinds methods. It is clear to the reader that Louisa is not happy with her upbringing, however she knows her father will not be able to comprehend her emotions as they do not follow his nothing but facts way of life. Louisa then unconsciously closed her hand, as if on a solid object, and slowly opened it as though she was releasing dust and ash. This represents all the fantasies and childhood things that she could have had, had she been in an ordinary family, but they have been starved of emotion and burnt out by Mr Gradgrind.

Medieval Yarmouth, England Essays - Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Yarmouth

Medieval Yarmouth, England Medieval Yarmouth, England Yarmouth was a town consisting of two major sections, Great and Little Yarmouth. The founder of Yarmouth is believed to be a man named Cedric, who was a Saxon leader, but people still doubt this to this very day. One of the main reasons for the foundation of Yarmouth is the Herring, a fish that was very healthy to eat, and especially important to the lower classes because it was cheap and readily available. Fishing was a very important part of their society. The seal of the town of Yarmouth has everything to do with fishing, including a Herring boat and a picture of St. Nicholas. Yarmouth consists of several rivers, which was important for its economy. All of the rivers flow into a big estuary, which then flowed into the ocean. Two main features of Yarmouth, were its port and marketplace. Another major function of this town is silting, which developed from a huge sandbank formed over a long period of time. The sandbank became strong enough to become a place for the salting and smoking of Herring, and a great dock for boats. This attracted many fisherman from all over the continent, including the Clique Port fishermen. After awhile silting became very useless and migration began to occur towards the south part of the town. In the royal domain, Yarmouth was known as a borough, in which they had to pay "every third penny" of revenues to the Earl. Yarmouth was a very small town compared to others in the region. According to the Doomsday survey, it had at least seventy burgesses by ten sixty six. Yarmouth was known as a frontier town due to its lack of role of administration in the area. In addition, the king never set up anything financially significant in Yarmouth. There was one church in Yarmouth, St. Nicholas's Church, which was dedicated to St. Benedict. It was founded by the Bishop of Norwich. The Church became a major attraction to townspeople. Another marketplace was built shortly after the church. Due to the migration and construction, the town wall was expanded around the Church. Another significant building, St. Mary's Hospital was soon built, and covered up a large portion of the East Side of the town. For centuries , government was a huge problem for Yarmouth, resulting in many changes of power. The town started out with a Reeve, which was an official appointed by the King. Shortly thereafter, the king granted the town their first self-administration. A royal charter was granted, which included conditions such as: "free borough",and "the right to choose your executive officer of your local government". The town was divided into four main sections, therefore, four bailiffs were appointed who were elected annually. Despite these changes, government became conflicted, resulting in violence, and formation of a town council to assist the bailiffs. In response to the conflict, officers responsible for the borough treasury, also know as the"pyx", were created. Balance of power soon shifted from democracy to oligarchy, and bailiffs were downsized. A second council was created featuring a Chamberlain, whose main responsibility was finances, and a water bailiff, who collected the bills. Originally the meeting place for the administration was the Toll house. It was too small and a second "common hall" was built to replace it. The borough court presided each Monday to deal with pleas, but soon extra days were added for special occasions. One day a year was set out for Leers to present various suggestion to help the town, including annual fairs. Conflicts emerged between the Yarmouth and Clique ports administrations . The conflicts were caused in part because the King granted Clique the ability to administer justice in cases involving their own townsmen. In Twelve Seventy Seven, king Edward the First had a plan to compromise power between the groups by making a shared jurisdiction. This attempt failed, as well as many different interventions during the reign of Kind Edward. In addition, a deadly fight broke out between the two towns, resulting in many lost ships. The fairs had to be regulated, hoping to supervise the sales of goods during this time. Soon new conflicts prevailed as Clique complained to the King about new regulations, and that Yarmouth had control over the fishing areas. Problems with France pressed the communities to set aside some of the conflict for a short period of time, but soon that problem was resolved. Yarmouth, then had yet another problem. The inhabitants that lived by the harbor area were avoiding payments and were getting very disrespectful to the King's rules. In response to the disobedience,

Biography of Thomas Adams, American Inventor

Biography of Thomas Adams, American Inventor Thomas Adams (May 4, 1818–February 7, 1905) was an American inventor. In 1871, he patented a machine that could mass produce chewing gum from chicle. Adams later worked with businessman William Wrigley, Jr. to establish the American Chicle Company, which experienced great success in the chewing gum industry. Fast Facts: Thomas Adams Known For: Adams was an American inventor who founded the chewing gum industry.Born: May 4, 1818 in New York CityDied: February 7, 1905 in New York City Early Life Thomas Adams was born on May 4, 1818, in New York City. There is little recorded information about his early life; however, it is known that he dabbled in various trades- including glassmaking- before eventually becoming a photographer. Experiments With Chicle During the 1850s, Adams was living in New York and working as a secretary for Antonio de Santa Anna. The Mexican general was in exile, living with Adams in his Staten Island home. Adams noticed that Santa Anna liked to chew the gum of the Manilkara tree, which was known as chicle. Such natural products had been used as chewing gum for thousands of years by groups such as the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Aztecs. In North America, chewing gum had long been used by Native Americans, from whom British settlers eventually adopted the practice. Later, businessman and inventor John B. Curtis became the first person to sell gum commercially. His gum was made from sweetened paraffin wax. It was Santa Anna who suggested that the unsuccessful but inventive photographer Adams experiment with chicle from Mexico. Santa Anna felt that chicle could be used to make a synthetic rubber tire. Santa Anna had friends in Mexico who would be able to supply the product cheaply to Adams. Before making chewing gum, Thomas Adams first tried to turn chicle into synthetic rubber products. At the time, natural rubber was expensive; a synthetic alternative would have been extremely useful to many manufacturers and would have guaranteed its inventor great wealth. Adams attempted to make toys, masks, rain boots, and bicycle tires out of the chicle from Mexican sapodilla trees, but every experiment failed. Adams became disheartened by his failure to use chicle as a rubber substitute. He felt he had wasted about a years worth of work. One day, Adams noticed a girl buying White Mountain paraffin wax chewing gum for a penny at the corner drugstore. He recalled that chicle was used as chewing gum in Mexico and thought this would be a way to use his surplus chicle. According to a 1944 speech given by Adams grandson Horatio at a banquet for the American Chicle Company, Adams proposed to prepare an experimental batch, which the pharmacist at the drugstore agreed to sample. Adams came home from the meeting and told his son Thomas Jr. about his idea. His son, excited by the proposition, suggested that the two manufacture several boxes of chicle chewing gum and give the product a name and a label. Thomas Jr. was a salesman (he sold tailoring supplies and sometimes traveled as far west as the Mississippi River), and he offered to take the chewing gum on his next trip to see if he could sell it. Chewing Gum In 1869, Adams was inspired to turn his surplus stock into chewing gum by adding flavoring to the chicle. Shortly after, he opened the worlds first chewing gum factory. In February 1871, Adams New York Gum went on sale in drug stores for a penny a piece. The gumballs came in wrappers of different colors in a box with a picture of New Yorks City Hall on the cover. The venture was such a success that Adams was driven to design a machine that could mass-produce the gum, allowing him to fill larger orders. He received a patent for this device in 1871. According to The Encyclopedia of New York City, Adams sold his original gum  with the slogan Adams New York Gum No. 1 - Snapping and Stretching.  In 1888, a new Adams chewing gum called Tutti-Frutti became the first gum to be sold in a  vending machine. The machines were located in New York City subway stations and also sold other varieties of Adams gum.  Adams products proved to be very popular, much more so than the existing gum products on the market, and he quickly dominated his competitors. His company debuted Black Jack (a licorice-flavored gum) in 1884 and Chiclets (named after chicle) in 1899. Adams merged his company with other gum manufacturers from the United States and Canada in 1899 to form the American Chicle Company, of which he was the first chairman. Other companies that merged into it included W.J. White and Son, Beeman Chemical Company, Kisme Gum, and S.T. Briton. The rising popularity of chewing gum in the decades that followed led scientists to develop new synthetic versions; nevertheless, some old-fashioned chicle varieties are still manufactured and sold today. Death Adams eventually stepped down from his leadership position at the American Chicle Company, though he remained on the board of directors into his late 80s. He died on February 7, 1905, in New York. Legacy Adams was not the inventor of chewing gum. Nevertheless, his invention of a device for mass producing chewing gum, along with his efforts to promote it, gave birth to the chewing gum industry in the United States. One of his products- Chiclets, first introduced in 1900- is still sold around the world today. In 2018, chewing gum sales totaled about $4 billion in the United States. The American Chicle Company was purchased by a pharmaceutical company in 1962. In 1997, the company was renamed Adams in honor of its founder; it is currently owned by the confectionery conglomerate Cadbury, which is based in England. Sources Dulken, Stephen Van.  American Inventions: a History of Curious, Extraordinary, and Just Plain Useful Patents. New York University Press, 2004.McCarthy, Meghan.  Pop!: The Invention of Bubble Gum. Simon Schuster, 2010.Segrave, Kerry.  Chewing Gum in America, 1850-1920: the Rise of an Industry. McFarland Co., 2015.

Write a para and explain what makes an advertisement effective Essay

Write a para and explain what makes an advertisement effective - Essay Example The advert should not be complicated. The target audience usually relate to adverts that are memorable and very easy to recall. The advert should then provide information succinctly and quickly (Krugman, 2013). This ensure the attention of the audience is not distorted. Moreover, the advert should not contain information that creates suspense or requires inquiries on additional information (Krugman, 2013). This may confuse the viewer thus limited effectiveness. An advert should then be able to call the viewer to action. The advert should be able to convince the viewer that they need to access the goods or services being advertised. For print adverts, four elements are required. The images used should be provocative and attractive to the viewer. The headline accompanying the images should be strong and easy to comprehend. A maximum of two paragraphs that are well written and printed are required. Lastly, the advert should consist of a logo and contact information (Krugman, 2013). From the information presented, it is accurate to assert that the most significant factor in making an advertisement effective is its ability to attract and appeal to the